染色体异常通常表现为染色体的缺失、易位、数目增多、重复、出现三倍体等等。染色体异常中最典型和最常见的是非二倍体，即某一条染色体的数量只有一条或者三条。最常见的是21三体唐氏综合症(即21号染色体有三条，也称先天愚型)，其次是18三体爱德华症(18号染色体有三条)。除了非二倍体，还有染色体结构(比如罗氏易位)以及基因层面的异常。目前已知的基因遗传病有7000多种，其中400多种可以被三代试管PGD/PGS技术检出。
1为什么发生染色体异常1、大龄生育，减数分裂异常导致染色体不分离
2、辐射，导致染色体确实、易位或断裂
3、病毒
4、自体免疫性疾病
5、化学药品如化疗药物
受精卵的染色体源于泰国试管婴儿的卵子和精子。卵子成熟过程中会发生减数分裂，即从两条染色体拆分成单条染色体，受精后再与精子的单条染色体重新结合成二倍体。
老化的卵子更容易发生减数分裂异常，也就是成熟卵子中将带有0条或2条染色体，受精以后会导致受精卵的染色体变成1条或者3条，非二倍体的概率增加。所以，染色体异常才是卵子老化质量下降的第一大杀手。
2染色体异常与年龄的关系泰国权威辅助生殖发表文章证实：40岁以上染色体异常率为58%，45岁以上异常率竟然高达84%。由此证实40岁以上受精卵的发育，即使表面看上去正常，级别再高，实际上染色体的异常率高也是不可避免的，这也是高龄妊娠流产率高的原因所在!
一般人认为能够走到第5天囊胚的受精卵，都是属于质量好生命力旺盛的。实际上囊胚的染色体异常率确实会小于初期胚，但是依然有40～70%!
3不着床也许是染色体的错?是的，大部分有染色体问题的胚胎会以停止分裂、不着床、着床后停止发育等方式在第一妊娠期内(前12周)自然淘汰。99%的早期流产是胎儿的原因，而不是母体的原因。解决染色体异常生育问题染色体异常治疗困难，疗效不满意，目前以症状治疗及器官畸形矫正为主，导致的先天性智能障碍的治疗，尚无有效药物，但可尝试康复训练。基因治疗、细胞治疗、替代治疗正在发展中。
要解决染色体异常带来的生育问题，只有利用技术将胚胎做出筛查，就是第三代试管婴儿PGD技术。人工提取出女性的卵子和男性的精子，在体外培育成胚胎后再植入母体，这项技术可以帮助输卵管有问题导致不孕的女性以及精子活力低下、少精畸精导致不育的男性来生育，发展到现在还可以对胚胎进行筛查，挑选出没有任何疾病的健康胚胎再人工植入到子宫里，这个筛查的过程就是PGD诊断技术。
4促排卵成功不受孕原因有哪些1、在促排中卵泡成熟了，但被黄素化了。简单那来讲，黄素化就是卵泡发育成熟以后但没有排出来，继续的生长和发育，甚至会达到30mm以上，这时就会形成卵泡黄素化。
2、促排成功，但只是卵泡大小到了18mm，但不一定是优质卵泡，也不一定具备受精的能力
3、促排后有卵子成功的排出，雌激素也足够，但是由于子宫内膜受容性不好，导致受精卵难以着床，受孕失败。
4、在促排时促排药物的剂量没有把握好，导致促排卵后雌孕激素过多没有及时的跟上。
5、输卵管出现粘连和梗阻，导致即使是促排成功有卵子排出，也无法在堵塞的输卵管内与精子结合，从而形成受精卵结合障碍，自然无法怀孕。
6、促排卵成功后，即便是精子和卵子结合形成受精卵，如果子宫内膜厚度不达标且容受性差，那么受精卵很难进行着床，从而出现不受孕的现象。
促排卵成功受孕成功，两者是有本质区别的。因此，想要成功怀孕，大家需要进行一个全方位的身体检查，排除可能对生育存在影响的不良因素，只有这样才能够在促排卵成功的条件下，增加受孕的成功性。绥化代孕最靠谱的机构>
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以上就是关于染色体异常是不是泰国试管婴儿胚胎杀手的全部内容。如果还有疑惑的话欢迎咨询得宝宝试管资讯分享平台的专业生殖顾问。祝您好孕~
智商可预测，未来试管婴儿将可选择“最聪明的”胚胎
如果有一天，你可以选择生育一个小“爱因斯坦”，也可以生育一个智商普通的孩子，你会做出什么样的选择？据科学家预计，未来10年内，人类将可以使用试管婴儿技术选择“最聪明”的胚胎。
Genetics research, conceptual artwork. CHINA DAILY
Couples undergoing IVF treatment could be given the option to pick the “smartest” embryo within the next 10 years, a leading US scientist has predicted.
据美国一名权威科学家预计，未来10年之内，做试管婴儿的夫妇将能够选择“最聪明”的胚胎。
IVF：in vitro fertilization 体外受精联合胚胎移植技术，又称“试管婴儿”
Stephen Hsu, senior vice president for research at Michigan State University, said scientific advances mean it will soon be feasible to reliably rank embryos according to potential IQ, posing profound ethical questions for society about whether or not the technology should be adopted.
美国密歇根州立大学主管科研的副校长徐道辉（斯蒂芬·徐）说，科学进步意味着人类不久就能够对胚胎的潜在智商给出可靠的评分，这项技术是否应该使用将是一个深刻的社会伦理问题。
Hsu’s company, Genomic Prediction, already offers a test aimed at screening out embryos with abnormally low IQ to couples being treated at fertility clinics in the US.
徐道辉的基因组预测公司已经为在美国不孕不育诊所接受治疗的夫妇提供了一项检测服务，旨在筛查出智商异常低的胚胎。
“Accurate IQ predictors will be possible, if not the next five years, the next 10 years certainly,” Hsu told the Guardian. “I predict certain countries will adopt them.”
徐道辉对《卫报》记者说：“准确的智商预测是可能的，即使不是未来5年内，那么在未来10年内也肯定可以。我预计一些国家会采纳这项技术。”
The prospect of a new generation of genetically selected babies has prompted concerns about unintended medical consequences and the potential for deepening existing social inequalities. The science underpinning the claim that intelligence can be meaningfully predicted by genetic tests is also contentious.
新一代基因选择婴儿的前景引发了人们对于意外医疗后果和现有社会不平等可能加剧的担忧。基因检测能够有效预测智商的科学技术也引发了争议。
contentious [kn'tens]：adj.有异议的，引起争论的
Peter Donnelly, a professor of statistical science at the University of Oxford, said any such IQ predictions should be treated with “huge caution”, adding: “I have grave misgivings about it on ethical grounds. I think it’s a really bad idea.”
牛津大学统计学教授彼得·唐纳利说，应该“十分谨慎”地对待此类智商预测。他说：“出于伦理原因，我对此非常担忧。我认为这是一个非常糟糕的想法。”
Since the 1990s, couples undergoing IVF have been able to screen their embryos for mutations in single genes that cause serious diseases such as cystic fibrosis, as well as conditions like Down’s syndrome, caused by chromosome abnormalities.
自上世纪90年代以来，接受试管受精的夫妇已经能够对他们的胚胎进行筛选，以发现单个基因的突变，这些突变会导致严重的疾病，比如囊性纤维化，以及染色体异常导致的唐氏综合征等。
chromosome ['krmsm]：n.染色体
Many other traits, including height, physical appearance, intelligence and disease susceptibility, are known to be partly heritable. But because the genetic component is spread thinly over hundreds or even thousands of DNA regions, it has previously been impossible to screen for these traits.
许多其他特征，包括身高、外貌、智力和疾病易感性，都被认为是部分遗传的。但由于遗传组分稀疏地分散在数百甚至数千个DNA区域，以前不可能对这些特征进行筛选。
In the past decade, as vast genetic databases have been established, this picture has changed. Through analyzing many genes, each making a tiny contribution, it has been possible to calculate what are called polygenic risk scores, which give a person’s likelihood of getting a particular disease or having a certain trait.
在过去的十年里，随着大量基因数据库的建立，这种情况已经发生了改变。通过分析大量基因，每个基因都做出了微小的贡献，就有可能计算出所谓的多基因风险评分，即一个人患某种特定疾病或具有某种特征的可能性。
polygenic[,pli'denik]：adj.多基因的
Genomic Prediction is the first company to take embryo screening into this grey area of risk forecasting, offering to alert couples if an embryo has an “outlier” score for risk of cancers, diabetes, heart disease, dwarfism or low IQ.
基因组预测公司是第一家将胚胎筛查纳入风险预测这一灰色地带的公司。如果胚胎在癌症、糖尿病、心脏病、侏儒症或智商低下等风险方面的评分“异常”，它就会提醒做筛查的夫妇。
outlier ['atla]：n.（统计）异常值
Medical staff put clothes on the newborn test-tube baby at a hospital in Xi'an, Northwest China's Shaanxi province. [Photo/Xinhua]
Prediction for IQ is not good enough to give a reliable ranking, but Hsu said that knowing an embryo has a low score could still be desirable.
智商预测目前还不足以给出可靠的评分，但徐道辉表示，如果一个胚胎的智商评分较低，人们可能还是很想知道。
“Maybe the bottom 1% embryo will grow up to be a great person … even be a scientist, but the odds are against it,” he said. “I honestly feel if we can calculate that score and find a real negative outlier there’s an ethical responsibility for us to report that.”
徐道辉说：“也许评分最低的1%的胚胎长大后会成为一个优秀的人……甚至成为一名科学家，但这种可能性很小。我真的觉得，如果我们能计算出这个评分，发现它低得十分异常，那么我们就有道德责任予以告知。”
The company projects that once high-quality genetic and academic achievement data from a million individuals becomes available, expected to be within five to 10 years, it will be able to predict IQ to within about 10 points.
该公司预计，在5至10年内，一旦100万人的高质量基因和学术成就数据可用，它将能够预测智商，误差在10分以内。
Hsu is reticent about whether screening for high intelligence would be ethically justified, saying: “Let me just decline to answer that at the moment.”
徐道辉不愿评论高智商筛查是否符合伦理标准，说“目前我拒绝回答这个问题”。
reticent ['rets()nt]：adj.沉默的；有保留的
In some countries, such as Singapore, there is likely to be a high level of public acceptance and demand for such tests, he suggested. “I think the overwhelming majority would say yes, absolutely, parents should be allowed to do that,” he said. “Before you write your piece, you might just want to think that a billion people on the other side of the world might have a different view.”
徐道辉说，在一些国家，比如新加坡，公众对此类检测的接受度和需求可能会很高。他说：“我认为绝大多数人肯定会赞成允许父母这样做。在你写这篇报道之前，也许应该想想地球另外一端的10亿人可能有不同的看法。”
Whether such tests will become available in the UK would depend on approval from the Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority (HFEA).
这种检测方法能否在英国实施将取决于英国人工授精与胚胎学管理局的批准。
“If the HFEA decides that it’s not right for the UK, I will respect that,” Hsu said, but predicted that “rich people from the UK will fly to Singapore” if they are unable to get the tests locally.
他说:“如果英国人工授精与胚胎学管理局认为这对英国不合适，我会尊重这个决定。”但他预测，如果英国富人无法在当地进行这项检测，“他们会飞到新加坡去做的。”
Some in the UK take the view that prospective parents have a right to access such tests. “I don’t think people should be deprived of that knowledge,” said Prof Simon Fishel, the founder of Care Fertility.
在英国，一些人认为未来的父母有权进行此类检测。生育关怀组织的创始人西蒙费舍尔教授说:“我认为不应该剥夺人们的这种知情权。”
Fishel questioned whether there is any ethical difference between picking an embryo ranked highest for IQ or sending a child to a private school. “What’s wrong with ranking an embryo if you can rank a child?” he said. “I think there are plenty of people who’d choose embryo Oxford [rather] than embryo A-level failure.”
费舍尔质疑挑选智商最高的胚胎和送孩子去私立学校之间是否存在伦理上的差异。“如果你能给孩子评分，那给胚胎评分又有什么错呢？”他说。“我认为有很多人会选择未来能考取牛津的胚胎而不是无法通过英国中学高级水平考试的胚胎。”
In practice, though, couples often have only a few embryos to choose from. And there are concerns about unintended consequences. For instance, there is some evidence linking higher polygenic scores for academic ability to higher likelihood of autism.
但实际上，夫妇们通常只有几个胚胎可供选择。此外，人们还担心会出现意想不到的后果。例如，有证据表明，学术能力的多基因得分越高，患自闭症的可能性就越大。
The technology is controversial, but that does not mean it will not gain acceptance in the future, Hsu said, drawing parallels with the reaction to IVF in its early days.
徐道辉说，这项技术存在争议，但这并不意味着它在未来不会被接受，这与早期人们对体外受精的反应类似。
“The IVF pioneers … were called monsters, Frankenstein doctors; it was predicted that these babies would have health problems,” he said. “I am actually reassured by that. IVF is completely normalized now. Everyone who is pointing their finger at [Genomic Prediction] now should go back and read those articles.”
他说：“试管婴儿的先驱被称为怪物，弗兰肯斯坦医生。当时人们预测这些婴儿会有健康问题。实际上，我对此很放心。试管受精现在已经完全正常化。现在，所有指责（基因组预测）的人都应该回去读读那些文章。”
来源：卫报、参考消息网
翻译编辑：yaning
来源：中国日报网
试管胚胎发育慢能成功吗
回复: '\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0胚胎出现发育慢的情况时，需要先去医院进行全面检查，确定孕妇是否患有糖尿病、高血压等疾病，还需要确定是否存在胎儿发育异常及先兆流产的情况。出现胚胎发育缓慢的情况后，需要定期做B超，检查胚胎发育情况，如果胚胎发育存在过于缓慢的情况时，需要通过手术终止妊娠。p【绥化代孕合法的吗】标签：
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